Reason and Brand (1975) later formalized and distilled the previous research into the framework of sensory conflict theory, which is probably the most commonly accepted notion for the development of VIMS today. Claremont (1931) originally suggested the theory that sea sickness is caused by an inter-sensory conflict, which was later refined by Steele (1961), Guedry (1965), and Reason (1969). Several theories have been proposed to explain VIMS, including the role of postural control ( Riccio and Stoffregen, 1991) or eye movements ( Ebenholtz et al., 1994), but the true ethiopathogeny and the biological mechanisms underlying VIMS still remain elusive. However, we will use the term VIMS, as it includes all of the above-mentioned types of MS ( Keshavarz et al., 2014). The nomenclature regarding VIMS is highly inconsistent and often dependent on the technology being employed, with studies referring to VIMS as cybersickness (e.g., McCauley and Sharkey, 1992 Davis et al., 2014), simulator sickness (e.g., Kennedy et al., 1992 Hettinger and Haas, 2003), gaming sickness (e.g., Chen et al., 2016 Oldenburg, 2018), and virtual reality sickness (e.g., Guna et al., 2019 Saredakis et al., 2020). VIMS is a special case of MS, which is primarily caused by stimulation of the visual system in the absence of real, physical movement ( Keshavarz et al., 2014). Motion sickness can also occur during Virtual Reality (VR) applications (e.g., driving or flight simulators), typically labeled as visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). Motion sickness (MS) is a common physiological and psychological response to unfamiliar motion patterns and a frequent side-effect induced by provocative motion environments, as associated with many forms of transportation, such as ships, aircraft, and automobiles. Thus, a mere earth-stationary anchor does not suffice, a clear indication of earth horizontal seems necessary to reap a modest benefit. ![]() ![]() Results show that only the earth-fixed horizon was able to significantly reduce visually induced motion sickness. This condition without visual reference to the observer's upright was supplemented with three conditions containing either an earth-fixed fixation cross, an earth-fixed horizon line, or a line that was yoked to the head. Eye-movements, task performance, and motion sickness were recorded. Two colored stars on collision course with each other had to be spotted, then they disappeared and the time of their collision had to be judged. As the observer was simulated to move through the randomly oscillating starfield, a time-to-contact task had to be carried out. To do so, we created a moving starfield that did not contain any indicators of the spatial orientation of the observer. We investigated whether an earth-fixed reference frame provided in the simulation is able to reduce motion sickness. Visually induced motion sickness is an unpleasant but common side-effect of many simulations and VR-applications. 3Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada. ![]() 2The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.1Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany. ![]() Wanja Hemmerich 1 * Behrang Keshavarz 2,3 Heiko Hecht 1 *
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